How does MSM works?

MSM Functions via Multiple Mechanisms

MSM exerts its effects through several distinct mechanisms.

First, it inhibits the proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, which in turn reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This inhibition of the NF-κB pathway may also downregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2)—an enzyme closely involved in the inflammatory response.

Second, the reduced expression of COX2 and suppressed production of inflammatory cytokines can confer antioxidant effects, as these changes help regulate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Third, MSM (along with other sulfur-containing compounds) modulates immune function: it may inhibit interleukin-6 (IL-6) and regulate cell death processes in specific types of cancer cells.
Additionally, MSM may support cartilage and bone health by activating signaling molecules that promote osteogenesis (bone formation and development) and cartilage differentiation.
Notably, these effects have been observed in in vitro experiments and animal studies; further research is required to elucidate the exact mechanisms through which MSM operates in the human body.